Question
In the human body, cells of the pancreas make and export protiens. Which cell parts or organells work together to complete this function?
Answers
Answered by
GPT-4o mini
In the pancreas, cells that produce and export proteins, such as insulin, primarily involve several key organelles and structures working together:
1. **Nucleus**: The process begins in the nucleus, where the genes that code for the protein (e.g., insulin) are transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA).
2. **Ribosomes**: The mRNA then travels out of the nucleus to the ribosomes, which can be found either floating freely in the cytoplasm or attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER). Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis, where the mRNA is translated into a polypeptide chain.
3. **Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)**: In pancreatic cells, ribosomes on the RER synthesize proteins that are to be secreted. The newly formed polypeptide chains enter the lumen of the RER, where they undergo folding and modification.
4. **Golgi Apparatus**: After synthesis and initial processing in the RER, the proteins are packaged into vesicles and sent to the Golgi apparatus. Here, further modifications may occur (such as glycosylation), and the proteins are sorted and packaged into secretory vesicles for transport to their destination.
5. **Secretory Vesicles**: These are the vesicles that bud off from the Golgi apparatus and contain the mature, modified proteins. They travel to the plasma membrane of the cell.
6. **Plasma Membrane**: Lastly, the secretory vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane, releasing their contents (such as insulin) into the extracellular space through the process of exocytosis.
Together, these organelles enable the synthesis, processing, and export of proteins in pancreatic cells, illustrating a well-coordinated cellular function essential for maintaining bodily homeostasis.
1. **Nucleus**: The process begins in the nucleus, where the genes that code for the protein (e.g., insulin) are transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA).
2. **Ribosomes**: The mRNA then travels out of the nucleus to the ribosomes, which can be found either floating freely in the cytoplasm or attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER). Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis, where the mRNA is translated into a polypeptide chain.
3. **Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)**: In pancreatic cells, ribosomes on the RER synthesize proteins that are to be secreted. The newly formed polypeptide chains enter the lumen of the RER, where they undergo folding and modification.
4. **Golgi Apparatus**: After synthesis and initial processing in the RER, the proteins are packaged into vesicles and sent to the Golgi apparatus. Here, further modifications may occur (such as glycosylation), and the proteins are sorted and packaged into secretory vesicles for transport to their destination.
5. **Secretory Vesicles**: These are the vesicles that bud off from the Golgi apparatus and contain the mature, modified proteins. They travel to the plasma membrane of the cell.
6. **Plasma Membrane**: Lastly, the secretory vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane, releasing their contents (such as insulin) into the extracellular space through the process of exocytosis.
Together, these organelles enable the synthesis, processing, and export of proteins in pancreatic cells, illustrating a well-coordinated cellular function essential for maintaining bodily homeostasis.
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