The first response is the most accurate in analyzing the challenges to tribal sovereignty posed by colonizers in the early United States.
Response: Colonizers challenged tribal sovereignty by stealing land and introducing diseases, plants, and animals that devastated Indigenous land and peoples.
This option accurately reflects the historical reality of colonization, where European settlers encroached on Native lands, often through force, treaties that were not honored, and introduced diseases that severely impacted Indigenous populations. The other responses downplay or misrepresent the nature of colonizer-Indigenous relations during this period.