While all the options listed had significant impacts on North Africa, the Roman Empire is often considered to have had the greatest impact historically. The Romans established extensive infrastructure, spread Latin culture and language, and influenced the region's governance and urbanization. Their presence lasted for several centuries, fundamentally shaping the history and development of North African societies.
Following the Roman Empire, the Muslim Empire also had a profound impact through the spread of Islam, which significantly influenced the region's culture, language, and religious practices. However, in terms of historical duration and the depth of influence, the Roman Empire is frequently emphasized in discussions about the greatest impact on North Africa.
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