The two factors that most contribute to South Asia's high poverty rates are:
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Large populations - High population density can strain resources, services, and economic opportunities, making it difficult to lift large segments of the population out of poverty.
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Unequal treatment of women - Inequality can limit women's access to education, employment, and healthcare, which in turn hinders economic development and perpetuates poverty.
The other options, such as the elimination of the caste system (which is not universally applied and varies significantly across the region) and low population growth rates (which generally would not contribute to high poverty rates), are less relevant in this context.