In South Asia, the following factors contribute to environmental challenges:
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Drought from low rainfall - This is a significant issue in various parts of South Asia, affecting agriculture, water supply, and livelihoods.
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Pollution from motor vehicle exhaust - Urban areas in South Asia face severe air pollution, with vehicle emissions being a major contributor. This poses health risks and contributes to environmental degradation.
While destruction from earthquakes can lead to environmental consequences, it is more of a geological hazard rather than a routine environmental challenge. Ash from volcanic eruptions is generally not a significant concern in South Asia compared to other regions with active volcanoes.
Therefore, the primary contributing factors from your list would be drought from low rainfall and pollution from motor vehicle exhaust.