Incan society was structured hierarchically, and commoners were an essential part of this social system. The Inca Empire, which flourished in the Andean region of South America from the 15th to the 16th centuries, organized its population into distinct social classes.
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Commoners (Hattu): The largest group within Incan society was the commoners, primarily composed of farmers, artisans, and laborers. They were responsible for producing food and goods, which were vital for the economy of the empire.
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Ayllu: Commoners were typically organized into small kinship groups called "ayllus." Each ayllu consisted of extended families that shared communal land and resources. This system fostered cooperation and mutual support among members.
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Economic Roles: Within the ayllu, individuals often had specific roles based on their skills and resources. Some might specialize in farming, others in crafting tools or textiles, and some might engage in trade. The commoners were expected to contribute to the state, often through labor service (mit'a), and pay taxes, typically in the form of agricultural produce.
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Local Leaders: Each ayllu had leaders (possibly called "curacas") who coordinated activities and represented the group in dealings with higher authorities. These local leaders acted as intermediaries between the commoners and the ruling elite, helping to manage resources and resolve disputes.
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Integration into the Empire: Commoners were integral to the Inca administration. Their labor supported monumental construction projects and the maintenance of roads and infrastructure. The Inca government organized labor through a system of rotational work, ensuring that all communities contributed to state projects.
Overall, Incan commoners were organized into social groups that emphasized kinship ties and communal living, reflecting the broader values of cooperation and collective responsibility that characterized the Inca Empire.
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