Question

When did powerful nation-states (Spain, Portugal, France, England) emerge in Europe that would shift important trade routes to the Atlantic? immediately after the fall of the Roman Empire during the Reformation during the time of the Crusades during the late Middle Ages

Answer 1

The emergence of powerful nation-states such as Spain, Portugal, France, and England that shifted important trade routes to the Atlantic occurred during the late Middle Ages. This period, particularly from the 15th century onwards, saw these nations begin to explore and establish trade routes across the Atlantic Ocean, notably leading to the Age of Exploration. The fall of Constantinople in 1453 and the subsequent discovery of the Americas by Christopher Columbus in 1492 are key events that contributed to this shift. Hence, the correct answer is **during the late Middle Ages**.