Question
Titanic in 3-D
Earth and Space Science Studies: Engineering Design
In August 2010, a team of scientists launched an expedition to the site of the Titanic, an ocean liner that famously sank on its maiden voyage in the North Atlantic Ocean nearly 100 years ago. The information gathered from the underwater study will help researchers assess the degree of deterioration of the ship's remains. The information collected will also aid in the creation of a detailed three-dimensional (3-D) map of the world's most legendary shipwreck.
The expedition was billed as the most advanced scientific mission to the Titanic since the wreck's discovery in 1985. Then, oceanographer Robert Ballard found the ship nearly 2.5 miles (4km) beneath the surface of the North Atlantic. In making his discovery, Ballard solved a mystery that had the world riveted since April 15, 1912. That's when the Titanic—which had been called "unsinkable"—struck ice and sank in international waters, taking 1,522 passengers with it. No one knew the ship's exact location until Ballard's discovery.
Since the discovery of the wreck, many scientists have explored the Titanic. Most sought to take photographs or gather some of the thousands of artifacts, including fine china, shoes, and ship fittings. Film director James Cameron led dive teams to the wreck while he was preparing to make the 1997 blockbuster movie Titanic. The film included an account of the ship's final hours. Cameron filmed footage of the ship's bow and stern, which separated during the sinking.
RMS Titanic is the company that has exclusive salvage rights to the wreck. The company made the most recent trip to the site, in 2004. RMS Titanic conducts traveling exhibits of the Titanic artifacts that attract tens of millions of people worldwide.
"We believe there's still a number of really exciting mysteries to be discovered at the wreck site," said Chris Davino. Davino is president of RMS Titanic, which was involved in the August 2010 expedition. "It's our [belief] that substantial portions of the wreck site have never really been properly studied."
Unlike previous expeditions, researchers on the 2010 mission didn't set out to collect more artifacts. On August 18, 2010, a team of archaeologists, oceanographers, and scientists set sail from Newfoundland, Canada. They sailed aboard the RV Jean Charcot, a 250-foot (76.2m) research vessel. The team used state-of-the-art imaging technology and sonar devices to probe the debris field near the Titanic. They sought a full inventory of the ship's artifacts. They also used three submersibles to aid in the study.
"For the first time, we're really going to treat [the wreck] as an archaeological site, with two things in mind," said David Gallo, one of the expedition's leaders. "One is to preserve the [history] of the ship by enhancing the story of the Titanic itself. The second part is to really understand what the state of the ship is."
Researchers wanted to assess the condition of the two main sections of the ship, which have been subjected to fierce deep-ocean currents, salt water, and intense pressure. According to Gallo, while the rate of Titanic's deterioration is unknown, it is possible that the ship is falling victim to the ravages of its environment. Thus, the researchers approached the mission with a sense of urgency.
"We see places where it looks like the upper decks are getting thin, the walls are thin, the ceilings may be collapsing a bit," Gallo said. "We hear all these anecdotal things about the ship rusting away [and] collapsing on itself. No one really knows."
The research didn't proceed exactly as planned, however. The 20-day expedition was cut short on August 29, 2010 due to severe weather conditions over the North Atlantic caused by Hurricane Danielle. The research resumed, but another looming hurricane forced the study's leaders to end the mission in mid-September.
The team was disappointed that the weather cut the study short, but their work was not in vain. The scientists were able to capture high-resolution pictures and video of the shipwreck. The team is now working to combine these new images along with underwater sounds collected from the sonar equipment. They want to create a detailed 3-D map that will allow the public to explore the Titanic online.
Gallo and his fellow researchers hope the maps will not only help preserve the history of the Titanic, but also prompt new interest in scientific studies of the famous shipwreck.
"This is just the beginning of a whole new era of these kind of expeditions to the Titanic—serious, archaeological mapping expeditions," Gallo said.
The Associated Press contributed to this story.
Question 1
1 / 8
Which of these had not yet happened when this article was written?
People came from around the world to go on traveling exhibits of the Titanic artifacts.
Scientists resumed their research after severe conditions caused by Hurricane Danielle eased.
Scientists created a detailed 3-D map that allowed the public to explore the Titanic online.
People went to take photographs of the Titanic and gather some of its artifacts.
Earth and Space Science Studies: Engineering Design
In August 2010, a team of scientists launched an expedition to the site of the Titanic, an ocean liner that famously sank on its maiden voyage in the North Atlantic Ocean nearly 100 years ago. The information gathered from the underwater study will help researchers assess the degree of deterioration of the ship's remains. The information collected will also aid in the creation of a detailed three-dimensional (3-D) map of the world's most legendary shipwreck.
The expedition was billed as the most advanced scientific mission to the Titanic since the wreck's discovery in 1985. Then, oceanographer Robert Ballard found the ship nearly 2.5 miles (4km) beneath the surface of the North Atlantic. In making his discovery, Ballard solved a mystery that had the world riveted since April 15, 1912. That's when the Titanic—which had been called "unsinkable"—struck ice and sank in international waters, taking 1,522 passengers with it. No one knew the ship's exact location until Ballard's discovery.
Since the discovery of the wreck, many scientists have explored the Titanic. Most sought to take photographs or gather some of the thousands of artifacts, including fine china, shoes, and ship fittings. Film director James Cameron led dive teams to the wreck while he was preparing to make the 1997 blockbuster movie Titanic. The film included an account of the ship's final hours. Cameron filmed footage of the ship's bow and stern, which separated during the sinking.
RMS Titanic is the company that has exclusive salvage rights to the wreck. The company made the most recent trip to the site, in 2004. RMS Titanic conducts traveling exhibits of the Titanic artifacts that attract tens of millions of people worldwide.
"We believe there's still a number of really exciting mysteries to be discovered at the wreck site," said Chris Davino. Davino is president of RMS Titanic, which was involved in the August 2010 expedition. "It's our [belief] that substantial portions of the wreck site have never really been properly studied."
Unlike previous expeditions, researchers on the 2010 mission didn't set out to collect more artifacts. On August 18, 2010, a team of archaeologists, oceanographers, and scientists set sail from Newfoundland, Canada. They sailed aboard the RV Jean Charcot, a 250-foot (76.2m) research vessel. The team used state-of-the-art imaging technology and sonar devices to probe the debris field near the Titanic. They sought a full inventory of the ship's artifacts. They also used three submersibles to aid in the study.
"For the first time, we're really going to treat [the wreck] as an archaeological site, with two things in mind," said David Gallo, one of the expedition's leaders. "One is to preserve the [history] of the ship by enhancing the story of the Titanic itself. The second part is to really understand what the state of the ship is."
Researchers wanted to assess the condition of the two main sections of the ship, which have been subjected to fierce deep-ocean currents, salt water, and intense pressure. According to Gallo, while the rate of Titanic's deterioration is unknown, it is possible that the ship is falling victim to the ravages of its environment. Thus, the researchers approached the mission with a sense of urgency.
"We see places where it looks like the upper decks are getting thin, the walls are thin, the ceilings may be collapsing a bit," Gallo said. "We hear all these anecdotal things about the ship rusting away [and] collapsing on itself. No one really knows."
The research didn't proceed exactly as planned, however. The 20-day expedition was cut short on August 29, 2010 due to severe weather conditions over the North Atlantic caused by Hurricane Danielle. The research resumed, but another looming hurricane forced the study's leaders to end the mission in mid-September.
The team was disappointed that the weather cut the study short, but their work was not in vain. The scientists were able to capture high-resolution pictures and video of the shipwreck. The team is now working to combine these new images along with underwater sounds collected from the sonar equipment. They want to create a detailed 3-D map that will allow the public to explore the Titanic online.
Gallo and his fellow researchers hope the maps will not only help preserve the history of the Titanic, but also prompt new interest in scientific studies of the famous shipwreck.
"This is just the beginning of a whole new era of these kind of expeditions to the Titanic—serious, archaeological mapping expeditions," Gallo said.
The Associated Press contributed to this story.
Question 1
1 / 8
Which of these had not yet happened when this article was written?
People came from around the world to go on traveling exhibits of the Titanic artifacts.
Scientists resumed their research after severe conditions caused by Hurricane Danielle eased.
Scientists created a detailed 3-D map that allowed the public to explore the Titanic online.
People went to take photographs of the Titanic and gather some of its artifacts.
Answers
GPT-4o mini
The statement that had not yet happened when this article was written is:
**Scientists created a detailed 3-D map that allowed the public to explore the Titanic online.**
While the team aimed to create such a map from the expedition, it was still in progress and had not yet been completed at the time of the article's writing.
**Scientists created a detailed 3-D map that allowed the public to explore the Titanic online.**
While the team aimed to create such a map from the expedition, it was still in progress and had not yet been completed at the time of the article's writing.