Understanding the Content:
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What does the phrase “the medium is the message” mean?
- The phrase suggests that the medium through which content is conveyed influences how that content is perceived and understood, often more than the content itself.
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_______________ media is forms of printed communication such as newspapers and magazines.
- Print media
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_______________ media is forms of pictorial communication such as photographs and videos.
- Visual media
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How does print media affect the reader?
- Print media typically encourages deep reading and critical thinking. It allows for in-depth exploration of topics, fostering comprehension and retention through the written word.
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How does visual media affect the viewer?
- Visual media often evokes immediate emotional responses and can communicate complex ideas quickly. It can enhance understanding through imagery but may lead to less critical engagement compared to print.
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Which has a more immediate impact: print media or visual media?
- Visual media usually has a more immediate impact due to its ability to quickly capture attention and convey information through images and motion.
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What does the word “explanatory” mean?
- Explanatory means serving to explain or clarify something, providing an understanding of complex subjects.
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What is a text structure?
- A text structure refers to the organized pattern or layout of a written work, which affects how ideas are presented and understood.
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Why do authors choose different organizational structures when writing?
- Authors choose different organizational structures to emphasize particular ideas, support the purpose of the text, and improve clarity for readers.
Chart on Text Structure:
| Type of Text Structure | What It Does | |-------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------| | Compare/Contrast | Highlights similarities and differences between subjects. | | Problem/Solution | Identifies an issue and proposes a resolution. | | Cause/Effect | Explains reasons why something happened and its consequences. | | Claims/Counterclaims/Evidence | Presents a point of view and addresses opposing viewpoints with supporting evidence. |
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What is rhetoric?
- Rhetoric is the art of persuasion through effective communication, often employing various techniques to influence an audience.
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On what three things did Aristotle say rhetoric is based?
- Ethos (credibility), Pathos (emotional appeal), Logos (logical reasoning).
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_______________ is the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of sentences.
- Anaphora
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_______________ is stating two opposite ideas using the same grammatical structure.
- Antithesis
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_______________ _______________ are questions asked for effect rather than answers.
- Rhetorical questions
Ethos, Pathos, Logos Questions:
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What is ethos and how is it used?
- Ethos refers to the credibility or ethical appeal of the speaker. It is used to persuade the audience by establishing trust and authority on the subject.
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What is pathos and how is it used?
- Pathos refers to the emotional appeal and is used to evoke feelings in the audience to persuade them on a particular issue or argument.
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What is logos and how is it used?
- Logos refers to logical reasoning and is used to persuade the audience through facts, statistics, and logical arguments.
Anecdotes Questions:
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What is an anecdote?
- An anecdote is a short and interesting story about a real incident or person, used to illustrate a point in discussion or writing.
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What are five potential effects an anecdote can have on an audience?
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- Humanizing a topic or issue.
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- Making the argument relatable.
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- Evoking emotional responses.
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- Simplifying complex concepts.
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- Engaging the audience's attention.
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Inductive vs. Deductive Reasoning:
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What are two elements of deductive reasoning?
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- General premises leading to specific conclusions.
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- Logical rigor in the connection between premises and conclusion.
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What are two elements of inductive reasoning?
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- Specific observations leading to general conclusions.
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- Probability-based conclusions that may not be universally true.
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Flipbook Chart:
| Part of Speech | Definition | Example | |----------------|------------------------------------------------------|---------------------| | Nouns | Words that name a person, place, thing, or idea. | Cat, city, love | | Pronouns | Words that replace nouns. | He, she, they | | Verbs | Action or state of being words. | Run, think, is | | Adjectives | Words that describe nouns. | Happy, blue, tall | | Adverbs | Words that describe verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.| Quickly, very, well | | Prepositions| Words that show relationships between nouns/pronouns and other words.| In, on, at | | Conjunctions| Words that connect clauses or sentences. | And, but, or | | Interjections| Expressive words often standing alone. | Wow, oh, ouch |
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What is a morpheme?
- A morpheme is the smallest unit of meaning in a language, which can be a word or a part of a word (like prefixes or suffixes).
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What do affixes do?
- Affixes are added to root words to modify their meaning or create new words (e.g., prefixes and suffixes).
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What affix can be added to the adjective “kind” to make it a noun?
- The suffix “-ness” (kindness).
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What is the difference between denotation and connotation?
- Denotation is the literal meaning of a word, while connotation refers to the emotional or cultural associations attached to that word.
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What is a synonym for the word “landfill” that might have a negative connotation?
- Dump
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What is the purpose of an argumentative text?
- The purpose is to persuade the reader to accept a particular viewpoint or position on an issue.
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The best arguments use strong _______________ and effective _______________ that can change a reader’s mind or harden a reader’s opinion.
- Claims; evidence
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What are forms of evidence that answer the question “Why”?
- Examples, expert testimonials, statistical data, case studies.
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A strong claim is _______________.
- Debatable
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What is an example of a strong claim?
- "Climate change is the greatest threat to global security today."
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If reasoning is _______________, it adheres to the rules of _______________.
- Valid; logic
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What is a fallacy?
- A fallacy is a flaw in reasoning that undermines the logic of an argument.
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What is a statement that provides reasons or support for a conclusion?
- A premise
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A _______________ _______________ is an argument that bases decisions on the false belief that random occurrences are somehow predictive of future outcomes.
- Gambler's fallacy
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What is the sharing of only that evidence that supports one’s own standpoint?
- Confirmation bias
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A _______________ _______________ is an argument that limits options to two opposite choices.
- False dichotomy
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A _______________ _______________ is an argument that because things are alike in one way, they are alike in others.
- Slippery slope
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What is an argument that attacks someone’s character motives?
- Ad hominem
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What is the sharing of only that evidence that supports one’s own standpoint?
- Cherry-picking
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In an appeal to _______________ an argument relies on a so-called “expert’s” opinions.
- Authority
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In an appeal to _______________ an argument that tries to evoke feelings over logic.
- Emotion
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What is a seminal document?
- A seminal document is a foundational text that has significant influence on a particular field or society, shaping ideas and policies.
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An _______________ is an author’s direct reference to a particular person, place, thing, event, or literary work that they assume will be familiar to the reader.
- Allusion
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Why are Lincoln’s “Gettysburg Address” and MLK’s “Letter from Birmingham Jail” considered seminal documents?
- Both encapsulate key societal values and movements, addressing principles of equality, justice, and human rights that resonate through history.
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What was Lincoln’s purpose in writing the “Gettysburg Address”?
- To honor those who died in the Civil War, emphasize national unity, and reaffirm the principles of freedom and equality.
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What was MLK’s purpose in writing his “Letter from Birmingham Jail”?
- To defend the strategy of nonviolent resistance to racism, articulate the moral imperative of civil rights, and address criticism of his activism.
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What theme did you see in Lincoln’s “Gettysburg Address”?
- The theme of dedication to the cause of liberty and the importance of unity in the face of division.
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What theme did you see in MLK’s “Letter from Birmingham Jail”?
- The theme of justice and the urgency of fighting against oppression while advocating for nonviolent protest.
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What theme do both of these works share?
- The commitment to equality and the fight against injustice.
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Which type of tone and rhetorical appeals (ethos, pathos, logos) did President Lincoln and Dr. King use to appeal to their audience or readers?
- Both used a respectful and earnest tone, employing ethos to establish credibility, pathos to evoke emotions, and logos to present logical arguments.
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Why is the English Bill of Rights considered a seminal document?
- It laid the foundation for modern parliamentary democracy by limiting the power of the monarchy and affirming the rights of Parliament and individuals.
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Why is Wilberforce’s 1789 Abolition Speech considered a seminal document?
- It played a crucial role in the movement to abolish the slave trade, highlighting moral arguments against it and shaping public opinion.
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What main ideas or themes do both of these documents share?
- The fight for human rights and the importance of moral responsibility in governance.
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What effect did the specific details of the slave trade in Wilberforce’s speech have on his audience?
- The details evoked a strong emotional reaction, compelling his audience to recognize the inhumanity of slavery and rally support for its abolition.