Here’s how the arguments break down into the provided categories:
Sound:
- None of the arguments presented are sound.
Valid but Unsound:
- The nineteenth amendment gave women in the United States the right to vote. Since 1980, women have registered to vote and turned out in greater numbers at polls than men. Therefore, the nineteenth amendment was ratified some time before 1980.
- This is a valid argument (the conclusion logically follows from the premises), but it is unsound because the premises don't necessarily lead to the conclusion. The Nineteenth Amendment was ratified in 1920, so the premise about voting turnout doesn't validate the conclusion.
Invalid:
-
John Adams, John Quincy Adams' father, was a federalist. Family members belong to the same political party. Thus, John Quincy Adams was a federalist like his father.
- This argument is invalid because the premise that family members belong to the same political party is not necessarily true. Political beliefs can differ between family members.
-
A world war is fought by multiple nations in multiple countries. During the war of 1812, the United States fought Great Britain in America and Canada. It follows that the war of 1812 was a world war.
- This argument is invalid because the conclusion does not logically follow from the premises. The War of 1812 involved primarily two countries, the United States and Great Britain, and does not fulfill the criteria of multiple nations.
To summarize:
- Sound: None
- Valid but Unsound: The first argument about the Nineteenth Amendment
- Invalid: The second and third arguments about John Quincy Adams and the War of 1812
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