The author of the passage primarily uses the following techniques to advance their purpose:
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Allusion - The author references well-known superheroes and their typical portrayals, such as mentioning "kryptonite" or "spider bites," which invokes the audience's familiarity with those stories and highlights the disparity in representation.
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Description - The author describes the current state of female superheroes, noting their lack of narrative space and the sexualization of their outfits. This descriptive approach helps to convey the author's concerns and make a case for the need for more female superheroes with their own stories.
These techniques effectively support the author's argument for greater representation and narrative focus on female superheroes.