Mesopotamia made significant technological advancements that greatly influenced future civilizations. They are credited with inventing the plow, which revolutionized agriculture by making it easier to cultivate land, and they also developed cuneiform writing, one of the earliest forms of written communication.
Ancient Egypt also contributed notable inventions, particularly in the fields of architecture and engineering. They created the pyramid, a monumental structure that demonstrated advanced knowledge of mathematics and labor organization, and they developed a calendar based on the lunar cycle, which helped them effectively plan agricultural activities and religious festivals.