In Mesopotamia, the social structure was hierarchically organized, with the king and priests at the top, followed by wealthy landowners and merchants, and then farmers and laborers, who made up the majority of the population. At the bottom of this social pyramid were slaves, who were often captured during wars or born into servitude, and they had very few rights in society.
In ancient Egypt, the pharaoh held the highest position in the social hierarchy, viewed as a god-like figure who ruled over all aspects of life. Below the pharaoh were the viziers and high-ranking officials, followed by priests, craftsmen, and merchants, with farmers forming the backbone of the economy, and slaves once again occupying the lowest tier of the social pyramid with limited rights and freedoms.