Today, the climate in Mesopotamia, which is located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, is characterized as arid, with hot summers and mild winters. The region experiences low rainfall, making it largely dependent on irrigation for agriculture, a challenge that the ancient civilization had to navigate as well.
In Egypt, particularly around the Nile River, the climate is also classified as arid, but it benefits from the annual flooding of the Nile, which provides essential nutrients to the soil. The summers are extremely hot, while the winters are cooler but still dry, creating a unique environment that supported one of the most advanced ancient civilizations.