The phrase "afforded him an asylum and a means of subsistence" suggests that the narrator's friend from Italy left his home country due to political reasons and sought refuge in England, where he found safety (asylum) and the ability to earn a living (means of subsistence).
Therefore, the most fitting interpretation is:
2. The friend left Italy to pursue a more secure way of life.
This option captures the essence of the friend seeking safety and financial stability in England.