Here are the answers to your questions:
Question 11: During which phase of meiosis does crossing-over occur?
Answer: Prophase I
Question 12: In a karyotype, how are chromosomes arranged?
Answer: By size and shape
Question 13: What is independent assortment?
Answer: The random lining up of homologous chromosomes during meiosis
Question 14: If the parent cell contains 46 chromosomes, how many chromosomes will each daughter cell have after meiosis?
Answer: 23