The scientific discovery that contributed to questions about the nature of reality in the nineteenth century is the Discovery of the atom. The development of atomic theory by scientists such as John Dalton and later elaborations by others began to change the understanding of matter and its composition. This atomic perspective raised philosophical questions about the fundamental nature of reality, including what matter is made of and how these tiny particles interact to form the larger world we experience.
The Theory of Relativity, while pivotal in the early 20th century, and the other discoveries mentioned had significant impacts as well, but the atomic theory in the 19th century specifically initiated crucial discussions about the fundamental nature of physical existence.
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