Mary's nervous system detected the sudden stimulus of someone grabbing her arm, activating her body's fight-or-flight response through the sympathetic nervous system, which caused her muscles to tense up. When she recognized Denise, the parasympathetic nervous system helped her relax, allowing her to voluntarily leap up and hug her friend. This initial startle reaction was reflexive, while the subsequent hug was a voluntary response based on her recognition of Denise.
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Mary is sitting on a bench and reading a book. Suddenly, someone grabs her arm. Mary is startled. She finds that her muscles have tensed up. When Mary looks up, she sees her friend Denise, who surprised her. Mary feels relieved. She leaps up and hugs Denise.
Explain how Mary's nervous system helped her carry out the described activities. Also explain whether her reactions were reflexive or voluntary.
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