Epilepsy is a neurological disorder characterized by recurring seizures, which are sudden, uncontrolled electrical disturbances in the brain. These seizures can vary in severity, duration, and type, and they can affect various physical functions, including movement, sensation, and consciousness.
There are several different types of seizures associated with epilepsy, including:
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Generalized Seizures: These affect both sides of the brain from the onset and can include:
- Tonic-clonic seizures (formerly known as grand mal seizures): These involve a stiffening of the muscles followed by rhythmic jerking of the body.
- Absence seizures (formerly known as petit mal seizures): These involve brief lapses in awareness, often seen as staring spells.
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Focal Seizures: These start in one area of the brain and can be either:
- Simple focal seizures: Do not affect awareness and may involve unusual sensations or movements.
- Complex focal seizures: Affect awareness and may involve unusual behavior or confusion.
Example:
A common example of epilepsy is tonic-clonic seizures. During a tonic-clonic seizure, the person first experiences a tonic phase, where their muscles stiffen, usually causing them to fall if standing. This is followed by the clonic phase, where the person experiences rhythmic jerking movements. These seizures can last a few minutes, and postictal confusion (a state of confusion post-seizure) is common once the seizure is over.
People with epilepsy often work with neurologists to manage their condition through medication, lifestyle changes, and sometimes surgical options, aiming to reduce the frequency and severity of seizures.