36. Supposed Mars has (or had) life, which of the following kinds of extremophiles are not expected on Mars? A) Hyperthermophiles B) Xerophiles C) Lithophiles D) Anaerobic extremophiles

Question

37. Which Viking experiment showed initial evidence for still existing life on the Martian surface that has been refuted short time after by most scientists? A) Gas-Exchange Experiment B) Labeled Release Experiment C) Mass Spectrometer Experiment D) Answers A), B), and C)

38. How is the mass and size of Venus in comparison to Earth? A) Larger than those of Earth B) About the same C) Slightly smaller than those of Earth (about 90% to 95% in comparison) D) Much smaller than those of Earth (about 10% in comparison) E) Undetermined

39. When comparing Earth and Venus, which is the main difference regarding the planetary CO2 deposition? A) None B) Regarding Venus CO2 is mostly found in the atmosphere, whereas for Earth it is found in its geochemistry and oceans. C) Regarding Earth CO, is mostly found in the atmosphere, whereas for Venus it is found in its geochemistry and oceans. D) There is virtually no CO2 present on Earth.

40. Although considered to be a super-long shot, where is the best place to search for life on Venus? A) Venus's surface, near its equator B) Venus's surface, close to the poles C) Underground D) High atmosphere

41. In September 2020, which gas has been identified on Venus, which according to the authors) represents possible evidence for life? A) H2O water vapor B) PH, phosphine C) CH4 methane D) NH3 ammonia E) OG ozone

42. Which solar system planet (s) is/are host(s) to Europa and Enceladus? A) Mars B) Jupiter and Saturn, respectively C) Saturn and Jupiter, respectively D) Mars and Jupiter, respectively E) Mars and Saturn, respectively

43. How many moons are hosted by Jupiter and Saturn combined, which (if orbiting the Sun) based on their size would most likely be counted as planets? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5

44. What is the size of Europa? A) Similar to Earth B) Similar to Mars C) Similar to Earth's Moon D) Much smaller than Earth's Moon

45. What are possible significant sources of energy in Europa? A) Tidal Energy B) Thermal Energy C) Magnetic Energy D) Answers A) and B) E) Answers A), B), and C)

46. Which of the following constitutes observational evidence that Europa might have an under- ground ocean? A) The cracks and rills in Europa's crust B) The magnetic field of Europa C) The number of craters on Europa D) Answers A) and B) E) Answers A), B), and C)

47. Which of the following is not evidence that Europa has an underground ocean? A) The cracks and rills in Europa's crust B) The magnetic field of Europa C) The numbers of craters on Europa D) The size of Europa

48. What and where) is Xanadu? A) Xanadu is a string of craters on Mars B) Xanadu is a set of grooves on Europa C) Xanadu is a "continent" on Titan D) Xanadu is a geological feature near the North pole of Enceladus

49. What is the type of "dynamic interaction" between Europa, Io, and Ganymede? A) Constant force of gravity B) Dynamic resonances C) Tidal interaction D) Answers A), B), and C) E) Answers B) and C)

50. Assumed that the most optimistic scenario occurred with life existing on Europa, how does the expected biomass compare to that of Earth? A) It is expected to be much larger B) It is expected to be somewhat larger C) It is expected to be similar to that of Earth D) It is expected to be much smaller

51. What is the most decisive characteristic of Titan? A) A large, moon-wide ocean B) Ongoing volcanism C) A thick, hazy atmosphere D) Being a strong source of UV and X-ray radiation E) Answers B) and C)

52. What is the dominant constituent of the Titan atmosphere? A) NH3 B) N2 C) CH4 D) 02 E) CO2

53. Where can we find the lake Ontario Lacus? A) On Titan (southern hemisphere) B) On Mars (near Mars's equator, although currently (mostly] dry) C) On Europa (south-eastern region) D) On Io (typically filled with hot magma, due to ongoing volcanic eruptions)

54. What is an important feature in the atmosphere of Titan? A) Strong magnetic fields B) Probable existence of liquids (rain) C) C-H chemistry, including other elements such as N and O D) Answers B) and C) E) Answers A), B), and C)

55. Preassumed that there is a "principle possibility" for life on Titan. What would be (the) possible significant energy source(s)? A) Tidal energy B) Magnetic energy C) Volcanic energy D) Chemical energy, supplied by reactions triggered by UV and X-ray radiation E) Answers C) and D)

56. Even though Titan has liquid methane on its surface, some internal heat, and plenty of carbon- containing compounds, it is not a good candidate for hosting life because A) Titan orbits within Saturn's radiation belt so its surface is completely sterilized by high-energy particles B) there is too much volcanic activity on the surface C) it has no ozone layer to protect the surface from harmful UV rays from the Sun D) it is far too cold, and methane is not a very good biological solvent

57. What is the size (i.e., diameter) of Enceladus? A) About 12,000 km (similar to Earth) B) About 5,000 km (similar to Titan) C) About 2,500 km (similar to Pluto) D) About 500 km E) About 100 km

58. On Saturn's moon Enceladus, fountains of ice particles and water vapor are seen to be spraying out of A) tiger stripe regions close to the south pole B) tectonic plate boundaries C) young impact craters near the north pole

59. Identify the dominant source of gravitation interaction (orbital resonance) regarding Enceladus leading to internal heating. A) Interaction with Titan B) Interaction with Dione C) Interactions with Europa and Ganymede D) Interaction with the Sun

60. What is the significance of the discovery of silica (quartz) released from Enceladus? A) It is evidence of ongoing plate tectonics on Enceladus B) It is evidence of microbial life present inside of Enceladus C) It is evidence of variable magnetic field strengths regarding Enceladus D) It is evidence of high temperatures about 90 °C) inside of Enceladus Free Response Part — up to 10 points per inquiry 1. Summarize why Earth's moon and Mercury have (and had) virtually no chance of hosting life. 2. Describe key aspects of the climate catastrophe previously happening on Venus.

11. Why is helium not considered relevant in conjunction with biochemistry? A) It is not very common in the Universe B) High level of radioactivity C) Inability to form bonds D) Answers A) and B) E) Answers A), B), and C)

12. Assuming an extraordinarily broad perspective of theoretical biochemistry - at which realms way Methane (CH4) and Ethane (C2H6) constitute a useful liquid in support of life? A) Venus B) Earth C) Mars D) Titan E) All of the above

Answer 1

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