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Question

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How is the influence of humanism seen in Michelangelo’s sculpture David, pictured here?

(1 point)
Responses

by its large size
by its large size

by its focus on a religious figure
by its focus on a religious figure

through its focus on the human form
through its focus on the human form

through its use of stone

Answer 1

The influence of humanism in Michelangelo’s sculpture David is seen through its focus on the human form. Humanism emphasizes the value and agency of human beings, and Michelangelo's depiction of David highlights the beauty and complexity of the human body, reflecting the ideals of humanist thought.

Answer 2

In 3–4 sentences, briefly compare the role of the Church in Europe during feudalism in the Middle Ages to its role politically, socially, and economically during the Renaissance.(2 points)
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Short Answer Rubric (2 points)
Points Awarded Criteria
2
The answer is very clear.

The answer is fully supported by details.

There may be a few errors in grammar, usage, or mechanics. Errors do not interfere with meaning.

1
The answer is somewhat clear.

Details are weak or not related.

There are some errors in grammar, usage, and mechanics. Errors interfere with meaning.

0
The question is not answered.

Answer 3

During feudalism in the Middle Ages, the Church played a dominant role in Europe, serving as a powerful political authority, guiding social norms, and controlling vast economic resources through land ownership and tithes. In contrast, during the Renaissance, the Church's influence began to wane as secularism grew, giving way to humanism and the rise of city-states. Politically, the Church started to share power with emerging nation-states, socially, it faced challenges from new ideas in art and philosophy, and economically, it began to lose control over wealth as trade expanded and the merchant class gained prominence. Thus, while the Church was an unchallenged authority during feudalism, its role evolved significantly during the Renaissance, adapting to the changing societal landscape.

Answer 4

In 3–4 sentences, investigate the methods the Church used to increase its secular authority.(2 points)

Answer 5

The Church increased its secular authority through a variety of methods, including the establishment of ecclesiastical courts that allowed it to exert legal power and influence over both clergy and laypeople. Additionally, the Church wielded significant political power by forming alliances with monarchs and becoming involved in state affairs, often influencing the appointment of leaders and policies. The collection of tithes and control over vast landholdings also contributed to its economic authority, allowing the Church to fund its initiatives and maintain a strong presence in society. Lastly, by promoting the idea of divine right, the Church legitimized the rule of kings, which helped intertwine its religious influence with the political structure of the time.

Answer 6

In 3–4 sentences, identify and describe three of the values and characteristics that were part of the humanist movement during the European Renaissance.(4 points)

Answer 7

During the European Renaissance, the humanist movement emphasized several key values and characteristics. Firstly, individualism emerged as a central tenet, focusing on the potential and achievements of the individual, celebrating personal expression and self-determination. Secondly, classical learning was highly valued, as humanists sought to revive and study the texts of ancient Greece and Rome, promoting the importance of education in literature, philosophy, and the arts. Lastly, secularism began to take root, with a shift away from strictly religious interpretations of life, leading to an emphasis on human experience and the natural world, which opened up new avenues of thought in science, art, and ethics.

Answer 8

In 1–2 sentences, analyze how political and religious changes brought about by the Catholic Reformation had long-lasting impacts on early modern and contemporary societies.(2 points)

Answer 9

The Catholic Reformation led to significant political and religious changes, including the consolidation of papal power and the establishment of new religious orders, which not only strengthened the Catholic Church's influence in Europe but also encouraged the rise of Protestantism, leading to ongoing religious pluralism. These shifts contributed to the development of modern nation-states, shaped contemporary political boundaries and governance, and fostered a culture of inquiry and debate that has influenced modern democratic principles and the separation of church and state.

Answer 10

In 3–5 sentences, describe the advances of two female scientists including any influences from the Scientific Revolution. (4 points)

Answer 11

One notable female scientist of the Scientific Revolution is Maria Sibylla Merian, a pioneering entomologist and artist who made significant contributions to the understanding of insect life cycles and ecology. Her meticulous observations and detailed illustrations of caterpillars and butterflies, particularly in her work "Metamorphosis Insectorum Surinamensium," influenced subsequent studies in entomology and helped establish the field of natural history. Another important figure is Émilie du Châtelet, who was a mathematician and physicist known for her translation and commentary on Isaac Newton's "Principia Mathematica." Through her work, du Châtelet introduced Newtonian physics to a wider audience and advocated for the importance of scientific inquiry, energy conservation, and the mathematical framework needed to understand physical laws, laying groundwork that influenced subsequent generations of scientists.