Question

explain null (accepting the null, fail to reject the null, and reject the null) in statistics and explain it simply

Answer 1

In statistics, the null hypothesis (often denoted as \(H_0\)) is a statement that there is no effect or no difference in a particular situation. It serves as the default assumption that we aim to test against an alternative hypothesis (\(H_a\)).

Here’s a simple explanation of the key terms:

1. **Accepting the Null**:
- This term is actually a bit misleading. In formal hypothesis testing, we don't "accept" the null hypothesis; instead, we "fail to reject" it based on the evidence we have.
- If our data does not provide strong enough evidence against \(H_0\), we may say that we failed to reject \(H_0\). It doesn’t mean that the null hypothesis is true; it just means we don’t have enough evidence to say it’s false.

2. **Fail to Reject the Null**:
- This means that, based on our sample data, we don't have sufficient evidence to support the alternative hypothesis (\(H_a\)).
- For example, if we're testing whether a new drug is more effective than an old one, a failure to reject the null might suggest that the new drug does not show a significant improvement over the old drug based on the data we collected.

3. **Reject the Null**:
- If our data provides strong enough evidence (often assessed using a significance level like 0.05), we might reject \(H_0\).
- This suggests that there is significant evidence in favor of the alternative hypothesis (\(H_a\)). For example, if we test the effectiveness of a new teaching method and find that students using it perform significantly better, we might reject the null hypothesis that the new method has no effect.

In summary:
- **Failing to reject the null** means there’s not enough evidence to say there’s an effect or difference.
- **Rejecting the null** means there is enough evidence to suggest that there is an effect or difference.
- Remember, failing to reject the null doesn't prove it's true; it just indicates insufficient evidence against it.