Sudan's food and culinary practices have been significantly influenced by Arab traders and settlers throughout history. Here’s how the points you mentioned relate to this influence:
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Fish was introduced by Arab traders: While fish has always been part of the diet for communities along the Nile and other water bodies, Arab traders may have introduced new fishing techniques or preferences for certain types of fish. This influence could also include the methods of cooking and the incorporation of fish into various dishes.
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Shea butter is used to protect mud buildings: While shea butter is more traditionally associated with West African cultures and is not typically related to Arab influence specifically, the practice of using natural materials for preservation and maintenance can reflect a broader Arab influence on building techniques and the importance of using locally available resources.
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Spices were introduced by Arab traders: This is a significant point. Arab traders have historically been instrumental in the exchange of spices, which have greatly enriched Sudanese cuisine. Spices such as cumin, coriander, and others have become integral to the flavor profiles of many traditional dishes, reflecting the deep trade connections between the Arab world and Sudan.
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Pigeon peas are eaten on traditional holidays: Pigeon peas are a staple in many sub-Saharan diets and are not exclusively an Arab influence. However, the way they are prepared and consumed during traditional holidays could reflect Islamic or Arab cultural practices, particularly among communities that have adopted Islamic customs.
Overall, the influence of Arab traders and settlers on Sudan's food culture is most clearly seen in the introduction of spices and possibly new cooking techniques, while the consumption of fish and the use of various indigenous ingredients reflect a blending of local and Arab culinary traditions.