Muslim scholars viewed the stars predominantly through the establishment of observatories. During the Islamic Golden Age, which spanned from the 8th to the 14th centuries, scholars made significant advancements in the fields of astronomy and mathematics. They built observatories to study celestial bodies, accurately chart their movements, and develop astronomical tables.
Additionally, these scholars contributed to cartography by creating detailed maps of the stars and planets, but the most notable focus was on observational astronomy facilitated by sophisticated instruments in observatories. This allowed them to refine navigation techniques, enhance timekeeping, and improve their understanding of the cosmos.
Minarets and tessellation are not as closely tied to the scholarly pursuit of astronomy as observatories are. Minarets are architectural features of mosques, while tessellation refers to a design concept more related to art and geometry. Therefore, the best answer would be "with observatories."
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