The disappearance of the Indus Valley Civilization is a complex topic, and historians and archaeologists suggest several contributing factors. Among the possible causes, the following are commonly discussed:
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Climate Change: Evidence suggests that a shift in climate, particularly an extended period of drought, could have severely impacted agriculture and water supply, leading to the decline of urban centers.
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Heavy Flooding: The region also experienced significant flooding, particularly from the Indus River, which could have disrupted agricultural production and settlements.
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Alienation or Migration: Some theories propose that movements of populations, whether due to invasions or voluntary migration to more fertile areas, contributed to a decline in the civilization.
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Social or Economic Decline: Internal factors such as social disintegration, economic downturn, or political challenges might have led to the society's decline.
Due to the lack of definitive evidence pinpointing a single cause, many scholars lean toward a combination of these factors being responsible for the decline of the Indus Valley Civilization.
Given the options you provided, "no known cause" could be considered the most accurate for a summary response, as the exact causes remain uncertainties in the academic discourse.