The correct answer is:
d. All of the above
All the statements are true regarding the properties of electron shells that are closer to the nucleus:
a. They are smaller - The shells (or energy levels) closer to the nucleus are indeed smaller in size than those farther away.
b. They can hold fewer electrons - Each shell can hold a limited number of electrons, and the shells closest to the nucleus have a smaller capacity compared to those that are farther out.
c. They have less energy - Electrons in shells closer to the nucleus have lower energy compared to those in shells further away, which have higher energy levels.
Thus, all these properties are characteristics of shells that are closer to the nucleus.