What two things were brought into europe that created a bustling economy , prosperius cities and new classes of people

Answer 1

The two major factors that significantly contributed to the creation of a bustling economy, prosperous cities, and new social classes in Europe were:

1. Trade and Commerce: The revival of trade during the Middle Ages, especially in the later part of this period (around the 11th century onwards), led to the emergence of a vibrant merchant class. The establishment of trade routes, both overland (like the Silk Road) and maritime (such as the Mediterranean trade networks), facilitated the exchange of goods, ideas, and cultures. The import of luxury goods from the East, such as spices, silk, and precious metals, sparked economic growth and the rise of merchant cities.

2. Agricultural Innovations: Improvements in agricultural techniques and technologies, such as the three-field system and the use of plows, increased food production. This agricultural surplus supported larger populations and fueled urbanization as people moved to cities for work and trade. The growth of cities led to the emergence of a new urban middle class, known as the bourgeoisie, which included merchants, artisans, and tradespeople who played a vital role in the new economy.

Together, these developments transformed Europe during the late medieval period into a more dynamic economic landscape, leading to expanded trade networks, urban development, and the rise of new social classes.