Which impact is associated with both surface and subsurface mining of minerals?

The impact associated with both surface and subsurface mining of minerals is:

C. Water pollution

Both mining methods can lead to the contamination of water sources due to the runoff of toxic materials and the disruption of natural water flow. Ground sinking (A) is more specifically associated with subsurface mining, while habitat destruction (B) primarily impacts surface mining. Introduction of invasive species (D) can occur as well, but it is not as directly associated with both types of mining as water pollution is.