The Troubles in Northern Ireland were a complex and violent conflict that lasted from the late 1960s until the 1998 Good Friday Agreement. This period was characterized by significant sectarian violence between predominantly Catholic nationalists, who sought unification with the Republic of Ireland, and mainly Protestant unionists, who wanted to remain part of the United Kingdom. The roots of the Troubles can be traced back to discriminatory practices against the Catholic minority, particularly regarding voting rights, housing, and employment opportunities.
The conflict escalated from nonviolent civil rights protests in the 1960s into a brutal conflict involving paramilitary groups such as the Irish Republican Army (IRA) and loyalist organizations. The violence resulted in thousands of deaths and injuries, as well as widespread societal division.
The Troubles exemplify how historical grievances, identity politics, and religious divisions can fuel persistent and violent conflicts in Europe. The eventual resolution through the Good Friday Agreement highlighted the importance of political dialogue and compromise in addressing deeply rooted tensions.