Describe what happens in anaphase, include a picture of the process. L2 Pg2

Why is mitosis a longer and more complicated process of cell division than binary fission?L5 Pg2
How many daughter cells are created during mitosis? Are the daughter cells the same as the parent cell? L2 Pg2
What is the purpose of microtubules during Mitosis? L2 Pg2
What are oligopotent, multipotent, totipotent, and pluripotent cells?L2Pg3
Which type of stem cells have the ability to become any other type of body cell? L2 Pg3
Define senescent. What cells undergo senescence? L3 Pg3, L7 Pg2
What is the difference between Cell Differentiation and Mitosis?L3 Pg3
What is the difference between diploid and haploid cells? L2 Pg3
Describe the cell cycle, including the name of each phase in interphase and mitosis. Use the diagram on lesson 8 page 2 - what is it showing? L8 Pg 2
In 3–5 sentences, construct a summary of the process of gene expression, starting with DNA and ending with proteins. L6 Pg3
Explain the role of mitosis in healing a wound. L7 Pg3

User Icon for Bot GPT 4-o mini Bot GPT 4-o mini answered
3 hours ago

Mitosis and Anaphase

Anaphase is a phase in mitosis where the sister chromatids are pulled apart towards opposite poles of the cell. This occurs after the metaphase, where chromosomes align at the cell's equatorial plane. In anaphase, the microtubules, which are part of the spindle apparatus, shorten, separating the chromatids and ensuring that each daughter cell will receive an identical set of chromosomes. Unfortunately, I can't provide pictures, but imagine a cell where the chromosomes are V-shaped, with each arm of the V moving towards opposite sides of the cell.

Mitosis vs. Binary Fission

Mitosis is a longer and more complicated process than binary fission because it involves multiple phases (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase) and a complex orchestration of events including the replication of DNA, alignment of chromosomes, and separation of sister chromatids. Mitosis ensures genetic continuity and proper distribution of chromosomes to daughter cells, while binary fission, which is a simpler process used by prokaryotic cells (like bacteria), involves straightforward duplication of the cell's components followed by division.

Daughter Cells in Mitosis

During mitosis, two daughter cells are created. These daughter cells are genetically identical to each other and to the original parent cell, meaning they have the same number of chromosomes and the same genetic information.

Purpose of Microtubules in Mitosis

The purpose of microtubules during mitosis is to form the spindle apparatus, which is crucial for the movement of chromosomes. They connect to the centromeres of chromosomes and help in aligning and separating the sister chromatids, ensuring that each daughter cell receives a complete set of chromosomes.

Types of Stem Cells

  • Totipotent Cells: Can develop into any type of cell, including placental cells. These are found in the earliest stages of development (like the zygote).
  • Pluripotent Cells: Can differentiate into nearly any cell type but cannot form extra-embryonic tissues (like trophoblasts). These are found in embryonic stem cells.
  • Multipotent Cells: Can develop into a limited range of cell types, typically within a specific tissue or organ (e.g., hematopoietic stem cells, which can become various blood cells).
  • Oligopotent Cells: Can differentiate into only a few cell types, such as lymphoid or myeloid stem cells.

Stem Cells with Broad Potential

Totipotent cells have the ability to become any other type of body cell, including both somatic cells and the cells necessary for the formation of the placenta.

Senescence

Senescent cells are those that have lost their ability to divide and proliferate, typically in response to stress, damage, or normal aging processes. Cells that undergo senescence include somatic cells, particularly those subject to DNA damage or telomere shortening.

Cell Differentiation vs. Mitosis

Cell differentiation is the process by which a less specialized cell becomes a more specialized cell type, typically involving changes in gene expression. In contrast, mitosis is the process of cell division that results in two identical daughter cells with the same genetic makeup. Essentially, differentiation changes a cell's function, while mitosis is about replication.

Diploid vs. Haploid Cells

Diploid cells (2n) contain two sets of chromosomes, one from each parent (e.g., human somatic cells). Haploid cells (n) contain only one set of chromosomes and are found in gametes (sperm and eggs).

The Cell Cycle

The cell cycle includes several phases:

  • Interphase:

    • G1 phase (Gap 1): The cell grows and carries out normal functions.
    • S phase (Synthesis): DNA is replicated.
    • G2 phase (Gap 2): The cell prepares for mitosis.
  • Mitosis:

    • Prophase: Chromosomes condense and become visible.
    • Metaphase: Chromosomes align at the equator of the cell.
    • Anaphase: Sister chromatids are pulled apart.
    • Telophase: Nuclear membranes reform around each set of chromosomes.

The diagram on lesson 8 page 2 likely illustrates these phases and their sequences, showing how a single cell divides into two daughter cells.

Summary of Gene Expression

Gene expression is the process by which the information in DNA is translated into proteins. It begins with the transcription of a specific segment of DNA into messenger RNA (mRNA) in the nucleus. The mRNA then exits the nucleus and is translated into a protein by ribosomes in the cytoplasm. The newly formed protein can then carry out a specific function in the cell, contributing to the organism's overall traits and functions.

Mitosis in Wound Healing

Mitosis plays a crucial role in healing wounds by enabling the proliferation of cells at the injury site. When a wound occurs, cells at the periphery of the wound enter the cell cycle and begin to divide through mitosis, producing new cells that replace the damaged or lost cells. This process is essential for tissue regeneration and restoring the integrity of the skin or other affected tissues.