Question
Hundred years war
Answers
GPT-4o mini
The Hundred Years' War was a series of conflicts waged from 1337 to 1453 between the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of France, primarily over claims by the English kings to the French throne. It included several battles, political intrigue, and changing alliances, significantly impacting both nations' histories.
### Key Causes:
- **Dynastic Disputes**: The immediate cause was the claim of Edward III of England to the French throne after the death of Charles IV of France, who died without a male heir. The French nobility supported Philip VI, leading to conflict.
- **Territorial Conflicts**: England controlled territories in France (like Aquitaine) and sought to expand its influence.
- **Feudal Tensions**: The conflict also arose from the feudal tensions between the two kingdoms, particularly surrounding loyalty and land.
### Major Phases and Events:
1. **Early Conflicts (1337-1360)**: Notable battles included the Battle of Crécy (1346) and the Battle of Poitiers (1356), where English longbowmen triumphed over French knights. The Treaty of Brétigny (1360) temporarily halted hostilities, granting England substantial territories in France.
2. **Renewed Hostilities (1369-1389)**: France sought to reclaim territories lost after the Treaty of Brétigny. Charles V restructured the French military and recaptured significant areas, regaining many of the lands lost to England.
3. **Rise of Nationalism (1415-1453)**: Henry V of England renewed the war, achieving a massive victory at the Battle of Agincourt (1415). However, French fortunes turned with the involvement of Joan of Arc, who inspired French forces to reclaim territory and ultimately led to the coronation of Charles VII.
### Conclusion:
The war effectively ended in 1453 with the loss of English territories in France, except Calais, marking the decline of English influence in mainland Europe. The Hundred Years' War had profound effects on both countries, contributing to the rise of national identity in France and the decline of feudalism. It also laid the groundwork for the Wars of the Roses in England and changes in military tactics, including the increased use of firearms and professional armies.
### Key Causes:
- **Dynastic Disputes**: The immediate cause was the claim of Edward III of England to the French throne after the death of Charles IV of France, who died without a male heir. The French nobility supported Philip VI, leading to conflict.
- **Territorial Conflicts**: England controlled territories in France (like Aquitaine) and sought to expand its influence.
- **Feudal Tensions**: The conflict also arose from the feudal tensions between the two kingdoms, particularly surrounding loyalty and land.
### Major Phases and Events:
1. **Early Conflicts (1337-1360)**: Notable battles included the Battle of Crécy (1346) and the Battle of Poitiers (1356), where English longbowmen triumphed over French knights. The Treaty of Brétigny (1360) temporarily halted hostilities, granting England substantial territories in France.
2. **Renewed Hostilities (1369-1389)**: France sought to reclaim territories lost after the Treaty of Brétigny. Charles V restructured the French military and recaptured significant areas, regaining many of the lands lost to England.
3. **Rise of Nationalism (1415-1453)**: Henry V of England renewed the war, achieving a massive victory at the Battle of Agincourt (1415). However, French fortunes turned with the involvement of Joan of Arc, who inspired French forces to reclaim territory and ultimately led to the coronation of Charles VII.
### Conclusion:
The war effectively ended in 1453 with the loss of English territories in France, except Calais, marking the decline of English influence in mainland Europe. The Hundred Years' War had profound effects on both countries, contributing to the rise of national identity in France and the decline of feudalism. It also laid the groundwork for the Wars of the Roses in England and changes in military tactics, including the increased use of firearms and professional armies.