What was the main cause of the Islamic world's hardships during the thirteenth century?

Responses

dissension between rival factions of Islam

dissension between rival factions of Islam

famine and diseases introduced from Africa

famine and diseases introduced from Africa

western Europeans invading Muslim lands

western Europeans invading Muslim lands

Mongol tribes invading Muslim lands

1 answer

The main cause of the Islamic world's hardships during the thirteenth century can be attributed to the Mongol tribes invading Muslim lands. The Mongol invasions, particularly under leaders like Genghis Khan and later Kublai Khan, led to significant destruction, loss of life, and the destabilization of various Muslim states and communities. While other factors, such as internal dissension and external pressures from European powers, also contributed to the challenges faced, the Mongol invasions were particularly devastating and transformative in the context of that period.