10. What are the action and reaction forces at work in this picture?

In the scenario described, the action and reaction forces can be identified as follows:

1. The book is pushing on the table, and the table is pushing back on the book. This is a clear example of action and reaction forces described by Newton's Third Law of Motion: for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

2. Gravity is pulling the book downward. The book experiences a gravitational force pulling it towards the earth.

3. The flower vase is pushing up, and gravity is pulling down. If the flower vase is on the table and applies a force downward due to its weight, the table exerts an equal and opposite force upwards on the vase.

4. Friction is pushing up, and gravity is pulling down. If friction is at play (for instance, if the book is sliding on the table), friction acts in the opposite direction of the sliding motion, opposing it, while gravity still pulls down on both the book and the vase.

In summary, the primary action-reaction pairs involve the forces between the book and the table, the gravitational force acting on the book and vase, and the frictional force if applicable.