The three characteristics that apply to an effective opening statement are:
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States the writer’s opinion - An effective opening statement often presents the writer's viewpoint or stance.
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Debatable - An effective opening statement should present a claim or opinion that can be argued against, making it debatable.
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Logical - It should follow a logical structure that helps set the foundation for the argument being presented.
The options "includes a call to action," "states only facts," and "avoids controversy" are not characteristics of an effective opening statement.