During carbon fixation (phase 1), CO₂ is attached to RuBP (ribulose bisphosphate) by the enzyme ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, commonly known as RuBisCO. As a result of this reaction, a 6-carbon intermediate is formed, which quickly splits into two molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PGA).
In phase 2, the reduction phase, each molecule of 3-phosphoglycerate is reduced to form glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P). This process requires energy from ATP and electrons (in the form of NADPH) from NADPH.