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Photosynthesis occurs in two main phases:
1. **Light-dependent reactions**: These take place in the thylakoid membranes, where sunlight is captured and converted into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH, while water is split, releasing oxygen as a byproduct.
2. **Calvin cycle (Light-independent reactions)**: This phase occurs in the stroma, where ATP and NADPH are used to convert carbon dioxide into glucose through a series of biochemical reactions.