The Enlightenment thinker who would have been most likely to agree with Susan B. Anthony's statement is Mary Wollstonecraft. Wollstonecraft is known for her advocacy of women's rights and gender equality, particularly in her work "A Vindication of the Rights of Woman," where she argues for women's education and their role in society, including in governance.
In contrast, Rousseau, Voltaire, and Locke had different views on gender roles and the place of women in society, and they would not likely align with the idea of women actively participating in making laws and electing lawmakers as strongly as Wollstonecraft did.