The Indus Valley Civilization, one of the world's earliest urban cultures, primarily existed in present-day countries that include:
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Pakistan - The majority of the archaeological sites, including major cities like Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa, are located in the floodplains of the Indus River in this country.
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India - Parts of the civilization extended into northwestern India, with sites such as Dholavira and Lothal located in the states of Gujarat and Punjab.
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Afghanistan - Some regions of the ancient civilization also reached into northeastern Afghanistan.
These countries together encompass the geographical extent of the Indus Valley Civilization, which flourished around 3300 to 1300 BCE.