The early Indo-Aryans, who were part of the larger Indo-European group, measured their wealth primarily through livestock, particularly cattle, as well as other forms of material possessions. Here are some key aspects of how they assessed wealth:
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Cattle: Cattle were the most significant measure of wealth among early Indo-Aryans. They provided milk, labor, and meat, and their ownership was a symbol of prosperity and social status. This is reflected in the Rigveda, one of the oldest texts attributed to the Indo-Aryans, where cattle are frequently mentioned as a measure of wealth and as offerings in rituals.
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Land and Agriculture: As Indo-Aryan society evolved, agricultural land also became an important aspect of wealth. The ability to cultivate land and produce crops contributed to a family's economic stability and status within the community.
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Valuables: Generally, possessions such as gold, silver, and precious stones were also considered indicators of wealth. These materials were often used for trade, ritual purposes, and as adornments.
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Social Status and Kinship: Wealth was also associated with social status and position within the tribal or clan structure. Leaders and warriors (kshatriyas) often had more wealth, which increased their power and influence.
The measuring of wealth in early Indo-Aryan society was thus multifaceted, encompassing livestock, land, and social standing, with a heavy emphasis on cattle as the primary symbol of prosperity.