All of the factors you mentioned can contribute to environmental challenges in South Asia, but the most relevant ones in this context are:
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Pollution from motor vehicle exhaust – This is a significant issue in many South Asian cities, contributing to air quality problems and associated health risks.
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Drought from low rainfall – South Asia faces challenges with water availability due to variable monsoon patterns and climate change, leading to stress on agriculture and water resources.
While ash from volcanic explosions and destruction from earthquakes can affect specific areas, they are not primary ongoing contributors to the broader environmental challenges faced by the region compared to pollution and drought.