Compare the following executive orders of President Franklin D. Roosevelt directing the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II and President Eisenhower's directing the desegregation of public schools in Little Rock, Arkansas.

Question

President Roosevelt's Executive Order No. 9066:
*Whereas the successful prosecution of the war requires every possible protection against espionage and against sabotage to national detense material, national: defense premises, and national-defense utilities... therefore, by virtue of the authority vested in me as President of the United States, and Commander in Chief of | the Army and Navy, I hereby authorize and direct the Secretary of War, and the Military Commanders... to prescribe military areas in such places and of such extent as he or the appropriate Military Commander may determine, from which any or all persons may be excluded, and with respect to which, the right of any person to enter, remain in, or leave shall be subject to whatever restrictions the Secretary of War or the appropriate Military Commander may impose in his discretion."
President Eisenhower's Executive Order No. 3204:
"…..certain persons in the State of Arkansas, individually and in unlawful assemblages, combinations, and conspiracies, have willfully obstructed the enforcement of orders of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Arkansas with respect to matters relating to enrollment and attendance at public schools. particularty at Central High School, located in Little Rock School District, Little Rock, Arkansas... Whereas such obstruction of justice constitutes a denial of the equal protection of the laws secured by the Constitution of the United States and impedes the course of justice under those laws: Therefore, I, Dwight D.
Eisenhower, President of the United States, under and by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and statutes of the United States, do command all persons engaged in such obstruction of justice to cease and desist therefrom, and to disperse forthwith...."
Explain how both presidents were addressing concerns over societal changes.
(1 point)
O In both casos, the prosidents are using the powers as leader of the military to accomplish aims for public safety.
O In both cases, the presidents are working closely with Congress to address a public safety issue that is a result of societal change
• in both cases, the presidonts are confronting the dangers to public safety, either sabotage or conspiracies
• In both cases, the presidents are sooking to protect the rights of all citizens of the United States

Answer 1

In analyzing the executive orders of President Franklin D. Roosevelt and President Dwight D. Eisenhower, it is evident that both presidents were addressing significant societal changes and responding to perceived threats to public safety, albeit in contrasting ways.

1. Roosevelt’s Executive Order No. 9066 was a response to fears during World War II regarding espionage and sabotage. It authorized military commanders to exclude individuals from designated military areas, primarily targeting Japanese Americans. This order reflected the societal changes and anxieties stemming from the war, particularly the pervasive fear and suspicion directed towards Japanese Americans, which culminated in their internment. Roosevelt was using his military authority to address what he viewed as a necessary measure to protect national security during a time of crisis, even at the cost of civil liberties for a specific group.

2. Eisenhower’s Executive Order No. 3204, on the other hand, was a response to the civil rights movement, specifically the desegregation of public schools following the Supreme Court’s ruling in Brown v. Board of Education. Eisenhower's order was aimed at enforcing the law and ensuring that African American students could attend Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas, against opposition from segregationists. His use of executive authority sought to uphold the constitutional rights of citizens and protect the principle of equal protection under the law. In contrast to Roosevelt’s order, Eisenhower was addressing societal change by promoting civil rights and adherence to the rule of law.

In summary, both presidents were exercising their military and executive powers in response to societal changes—Roosevelt in a context of national security and fear during wartime, and Eisenhower in the context of civil rights and desegregation efforts. Hence, the most suitable option reflecting a commonality in their actions is:

In both cases, the presidents are confronting the dangers to public safety, either sabotage or conspiracies.

This framing recognizes their respective contexts while acknowledging their roles in addressing the concerns of their time through significant executive actions.