The concept of the Mandate of Heaven (Tianming) originates from ancient Chinese philosophy and was used to justify the rule of the emperor. It suggests that Heaven grants the emperor the right to rule based on their ability to govern wisely and justly. If a ruler became despotic or failed to fulfill their duties, it was believed that they would lose the Mandate, leading to their downfall and the rise of a new leader. Thus, the "ruler" in this context refers to the emperor, who is legitimized by the Mandate of Heaven as long as they maintain good governance and the welfare of the people.
In the Mandate of Heaven concept, who was the ruler?
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