The social structure of ancient Greek city-states was hierarchical, consisting of distinct classes with varying rights and privileges. The upper class, known as the aristoi, were wealthy landowners who held political power and influence. In contrast, the middle class, composed of artisans, provided skilled goods and services and were granted citizenship and voting rights, although they did not wield the same level of authority as the aristoi. The lower class, including the perioikoi and laborers, had limited land ownership and legal rights, while women and enslaved people were entirely excluded from political participation and land ownership. Foreign citizens faced further restrictions, as they were not granted full citizenship rights but could achieve them based on their resources.

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