Transitions that are most effective for beginning a conclusion typically signal a summary, a final thought, or a closing perspective. From the options provided, the best transitions to begin a conclusion would be:
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After all: This phrase can effectively summarize the preceding points and reinforce the conclusion being drawn.
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By and large: This phrase can also be used to generalize the main points made in the text, leading into the conclusion.
While "despite," "because," "however," and "for example" can be useful in other contexts, they are less effective for signaling the beginning of a conclusion.