What was the result of the Great Schism of 1054?

The Great Schism of 1054 resulted in the formal split between the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church. This division was driven by a combination of theological disagreements, political conflicts, and cultural differences that had developed over centuries. Key issues included the authority of the Pope, the Filioque controversy regarding the Holy Spirit, and various ecclesiastical practices.

The schism was marked by mutual excommunications between the papal legate, Humbert of Silva Candida, and the patriarch of Constantinople, Michael I Cerularius. This division has persisted, leading to separate religious traditions, beliefs, and practices that characterize the Catholic and Orthodox churches to this day.