Which of the following was a political cause of the East-West Schism?

The political cause of the East-West Schism primarily involved **disputes over the leadership of the Christian Church**. Specifically, this included the conflicting claims of authority between the Pope in Rome and the Patriarch of Constantinople, as well as the broader power dynamics between the Eastern (Byzantine) and Western (Roman) Christian empires. While other factors, such as theological disputes and cultural differences, also played roles, the leadership dispute had significant political implications.