The major contributions of Muslim culture and understanding can best be reflected in option C: creation of algebra, public hospitals, calligraphy.
Here's a brief explanation of each contribution mentioned in this option:
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Creation of Algebra: The development of algebra is attributed to Muslim mathematicians, particularly Al-Khwarizmi, who is often called the "father of algebra." His work laid the foundations for this essential field of mathematics.
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Public Hospitals: The establishment of public hospitals in the Islamic world was a significant contribution to healthcare. These hospitals provided services to all individuals, regardless of their social status, and laid the groundwork for modern medical care.
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Calligraphy: Islamic calligraphy is renowned for its beauty and complexity. It has been a highly regarded art form in Muslim culture, used in religious texts, architecture, and other decorative arts.
While the other options also contain elements of cultural advancement (such as architecture and art), option C highlights specific intellectual and societal contributions fundamental to various fields.