To express 31 billion in scientific notation, we first recognize that 1 billion is equal to \(10^9\). Therefore, 31 billion can be written as:
\[ 31 \times 10^9 \]
In scientific notation, we typically represent numbers as a coefficient between 1 and 10 multiplied by a power of 10. To convert \(31\) into this format, we can rewrite it as:
\[ 3.1 \times 10^1 \]
Now, combining this with \(10^9\), we have:
\[ 3.1 \times 10^1 \times 10^9 = 3.1 \times 10^{10} \]
Thus, 31 billion in scientific notation is:
\[ 3.1 \times 10^{10} \]
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