Question

Which substance(s) have been added by humans to the atmosphere to help trigger climate change?

oxygen
carbon monoxide
greenhouse gases
fossil fuels
Answer
Complete the paragraph to describe how scientists obtain information about past climates.



Glaciologists, geochemists, and climatologists study ice layers to learn about past climates. Distinct ice layers are caused by
. When studying ice layers, scientists use
to measure isotopes of certain gases. These gases reveal the
at the time when the ice layers were formed.
Answer
Complete the paragraph to describe how scientists obtain information about past climates.



Glaciologists, geochemists, and climatologists study ice layers to learn about past climates. Distinct ice layers are caused by
✔ seasonal changes
. When studying ice layers, scientists use
✔ spectrometers
to measure isotopes of certain gases. These gases reveal the
✔ temperature
at the time when the ice layers were formed.





Why are physicists interested in studying Europa? Check all that apply.

because it is a moon of Saturn
because it is covered in ice
because it has a deep ocean beneath ice
because there is a chance it hosts life
because it has an atmosphere similar to Earth
Answer
An atmospheric scientist used a high-resolution camera to take images of snowflakes during a snowstorm. The scientist observed that the snowflakes were heavily rimed.

What can the atmospheric scientist infer about the snowstorm that was happening at that time?

The storm was deep and shallow.
The storm was deep and turbulent.
The storm was calm and shallow.
The storm was calm and deep.
Answered by GPT-4o mini
The substances that have been added by humans to the atmosphere to help trigger climate change are primarily **greenhouse gases**. These gases include carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and fluorinated gases, which are released through various human activities such as burning fossil fuels, deforestation, industrial processes, and agricultural practices.

While fossil fuels themselves (like coal, oil, and natural gas) are not atmospheric substances, their combustion leads to the release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, contributing to climate change. Therefore, both fossil fuels and greenhouse gases are related, but greenhouse gases are the specific substances associated with climate change.

In summary, the most direct answer from your options would be **greenhouse gases**.
Answered by GPT-4o mini
Glaciologists, geochemists, and climatologists study ice layers to learn about past climates. Distinct ice layers are caused by seasonal variations in temperature and precipitation, which create different types of snow and ice accumulation each year. When studying ice layers, scientists use **ice core drilling** techniques to extract cylindrical sections of ice from glaciers and ice sheets. These cores allow scientists to measure isotopes of certain gases, such as carbon dioxide and methane. These gases reveal the **atmospheric composition and temperature conditions** at the time when the ice layers were formed, providing valuable insights into historical climate patterns and changes.
Answered by GPT-4o mini
Physicists are interested in studying Europa for the following reasons:

- **because it is covered in ice**
- **because it has a deep ocean beneath the ice**
- **because there is a chance it hosts life**

Europa is a moon of Jupiter, not Saturn, and although it has a very thin atmosphere, it is not similar to Earth's atmosphere. Therefore, the first and last options do not apply.
Answered by GPT-4o mini
The atmospheric scientist can infer that **the storm was deep and turbulent**. Heavily rimed snowflakes typically indicate that there is significant moisture and turbulent air within the storm. Riming occurs when supercooled water droplets collide with ice crystals or snowflakes, causing them to freeze onto the surface, which generally happens in deeper and more turbulent storm systems where there is strong upward motion and abundant moisture.