In general classification of mineralization processes, five main types can be identified:
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Igneous Processes: This involves the crystallization of minerals from molten rock (magma or lava). Minerals can form as the magma cools and solidifies, leading to the creation of igneous rocks. Examples include the formation of minerals like quartz, feldspar, and mica.
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Metamorphic Processes: This occurs when existing rocks (igneous, sedimentary, or other metamorphic rocks) undergo alterations in mineralogy, texture, or chemical composition due to changes in temperature, pressure, or the presence of chemically active fluids. Common minerals formed through metamorphism include garnet, micas, and amphiboles.
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Sedimentary Processes: This involves the accumulation and lithification of sediments, where minerals are precipitated from solution or are formed through biological processes (e.g., shell formation in biogenic sediment). Minerals such as calcite, gypsum, and halite are often found in sedimentary settings.
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Hydrothermal Processes: This involves the movement of hot, often mineral-laden water through rock formations, which can lead to the precipitation of minerals. Hydrothermal deposits often form in association with volcanic activity and can lead to the formation of ore minerals like gold, silver, and copper sulfides.
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Weathering Processes: This involves the breakdown of rocks and minerals at the Earth's surface, which can lead to the formation of secondary minerals. This can occur through physical, chemical, or biological means and often results in minerals such as clay minerals, oxides, and hydroxides.
These processes can occur in various geological settings and are crucial for understanding the formation and distribution of mineral resources.